La característica esencial del trastorno de ansiedad generalizada es la ansiedad y la preocupación excesivas (expectación aprensiva) que se observan durante un período superior a 6 meses que se centran en una amplia gama de acontecimientos y situaciones (Criterio A). El individuo tiene dificultades para controlar este estado de constante preocupación (Criterio B).
La ansiedad y la preocupación se acompañan de al menos otros tres síntomas de los siguientes: inquietud, fatiga precoz, dificultades para concentrarse, irritabilidad, tensión muscular y trastornos del sueño (en los niños basta con la presencia de uno de estos síntomas adicionales) (Criterio C).
Las situaciones que originan ansiedad y preocupación no se limitan a las que son propias de otros trastornos del Eje I, como el temor a sufrir una crisis de angustia (trastorno de angustia), el miedo a quedar mal en público (fobia social), a contraer una enfermedad (trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo), a estar alejado de casa o de las personas queridas (trastorno por ansiedad de separación), a engordar (anorexia nerviosa), a tener múltiples síntomas físicos (trastorno de somatización) o a padecer una grave enfermedad (hipocondría) y la ansiedad y la preocupación no aparecen únicamente en el transcurso de un trastorno por estrés postraumático (Criterio D).
Aunque los individuos con trastorno de ansiedad generalizada no siempre reconocen que sus preocupaciones resultan excesivas, manifiestan una evidente dificultad para controlarlas y les provocan malestar subjetivo o deterioro so-
La característica esencial del trastorno por estrés postraumático es la aparición de síntomas característicos que sigue a la exposición a un acontecimiento estresante y extremadamente traumático, y donde el individuo se ve envuelto en hechos que representan un peligro real para su vida o cualquier otra amenaza para su integridad física; el individuo es testimonio de un acontecimiento donde se producen muertes, heridos, o existe una amenaza para la vida de otras personas; o bien
el individuo conoce a través de un familiar o cualquier otra persona cercana acontecimientos que implican muertes inesperadas o violentas, daño serio o peligro de muerte o heridas graves (Criterio A1).
MODELOS ANIMALES PARA EVALUAR ANSIEDAD
EXPLORACION
LABERINTO EN CRUZ ELEVADO
FENOMENO ONE TRIAL TOLERANCE
Fenómeno
(del griego: φαινόμενoν: «apariencia», en plural: phenomena φαινόμενα) es el aspecto que las cosas ofrecen ante nuestros sentidos; el primer contacto que tenemos con las cosas, lo que entendemos como experiencia. La misma palabra hace pensar que detrás del fenómeno ocurre algo más, que no es perceptible, a lo que el filósofo Emmanuel Kant llamó noúmeno. fenomeno no es mas que fenomeno y ya – no hay mas vuelta al asunto.
Animal defense strategies and anxiety disorders
Rosana Shuhama, cristina m. del-ben, sônia r. loureiro ,frederico g. graeff Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2007)
Comportamientos defensa:
Amenaza potencial
Amenaza distal
Amenaza proximal
PERSPECTIVA EVOLUTIVA
n Los procesos que defiende la selección natural explica la conservación de las especies
n Características físicas de los organismos vivos son seleccionados para mantenerse a lo largo de generaciones
n La perspectiva evolutiva se ha introducido en Psicología
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